^- ("kethep"), ^+ ("ketlus"), and ^= ("kettis") let us adjust types without violating type constraints.

The nest algorithm which tests subtyping is conservative; it never allows invalid nests, it sometimes rejects valid nests.

^| "ketbar"

Convert a gold core to an iron core (contravariant).

Syntax

One argument, fixed.

^|  p

^|(p)

AST

[%ktbr p=hoon]

Produces

p as an iron core; crash if not a gold core.

Discussion

An iron core is an opaque function (gate or door).

Theorem: if type x nests within type a, and type y nests within type b, a core accepting b and producing x nests within a iron core accepting y and producing a.

Informally, a function fits an interface if the function has a more specific result and/or a less specific argument than the interface.

Examples

The prettyprinter shows the core metal (. gold, | iron):

~zod:dojo> |=(@ 1)
<1.gcq [@  @n <250.yur 41.wda 374.hzt 100.kzl 1.ypj %151>]>

~zod:dojo> ^|(|=(@ 1))
<1|gcq [@  @n <250.yur 41.wda 374.hzt 100.kzl 1.ypj %151>]>

^: "ketcol"

Mold gate for type p.

Note this rune is now redundant.

Syntax

One argument, fixed.

^:  p

^:(p)

AST

[%ktcl p=spec]

Produces

A gate that returns the sample value if it's of the correct type, but crashes otherwise.

Discussion

^: is used to produce a mold that crashes if its sample is of the wrong type.

Molds used to produced their bunt value if they couldn't mold their sample. This is no longer the case: molds now crash if molding fails, so this rune is redundant.

One may expect that ^:(path /foo) would result in a syntax error since ^: only takes one child, but instead it will parse as =< ^ %:(path /foo). Since : is the irregular syntax for =< this is is parsed as "get ^ (i.e. the mold for cells) from a subject of (path /foo)", with : being the irregular syntax for =<.

Examples

> ^:  @
< 1.goa
  { *
    {our/@p now/@da eny/@uvJ}
    <19.hqf 23.byz 5.mzd 36.apb 119.zmz 238.ipu 51.mcd 93.glm 74.dbd 1.qct $141>
  }
>

> (^:(@) 22)
22

> (^:(@) [22 33])
ford: %ride failed to execute:

^. "ketdot"

Typecast on value produced by passing q to p.

Syntax

Two arguments, fixed.

^.  p
q

^.(p q)

AST

[%ktdt p=hoon q=hoon]

Expands to

^+(%:(p q) q)

Discussion

p produces a gate and q is any Hoon expression.

^. is particularly useful when p is a gate that 'cleans up' the type information about some piece of data. For example, limo is used to turn a raw noun of the appropriate shape into a genuine list. Hence we can use ^. to cast with limo and similar gates, ensuring that the product has the desired type.

Examples

> =mylist [11 22 33 ~]

> ?~(mylist ~ i.mylist)
mint-vain

> =mylist ^.(limo mylist)

> ?~(mylist ~ i.mylist)
11

> ?~(mylist ~ t.mylist)
~[22 33]

^- "kethep"

Typecast by explicit type label.

Syntax

Two arguments, fixed.

^-  p
q

^-(p q)

`p`q

AST

[%kthp p=spec q=hoon]

Expands to

^+(^*(p) q)

Discussion

It's a good practice to put a ^- ("kethep") at the top of every arm (including gates, loops, etc). This cast is strictly necessary only in the presence of head recursion (otherwise you'll get a rest-loop error, or if you really screw up spectacularly an infinite loop in the compiler).

Examples

~zod:dojo> (add 90 7)
97

~zod:dojo> `@t`(add 90 7)
'a'

~zod:dojo> ^-(@t (add 90 7))
'a'

/~zod:dojo> =foo  |=  a=@tas
                  ^-  (unit @ta)
                  `a

/~zod:dojo> (foo 97)
[~ ~.a]

^+ "ketlus"

Typecast by inferred type.

Syntax

Two arguments, fixed.

^+  p
q

^+(p q)

AST

[%ktls p=hoon q=hoon]

Produces

The value of q with the type of p, if the type of q nests within the type of p. Otherwise, nest-fail.

Examples

~zod:dojo> ^+('text' %a)
'a'

^& "ketpam"

Convert a core to a zinc core (covariant).

Syntax

One argument, fixed.

^&  p

^&(p)

AST

[%ktpm p=hoon]

Produces

p as a zinc core; crash if p isn't a gold or zinc core.

Discussion

A zinc core has a read-only sample and an opaque context. See Advanced types.

Examples

The prettyprinter shows the core metal in the arm labels 1.xoz and 1&xoz below (. is gold, & is zinc):

> |=(@ 1)
< 1.xoz
  { @
    {our/@p now/@da eny/@uvJ}
    <19.hqf 23.byz 5.mzd 36.apb 119.zmz 238.ipu 51.mcd 93.glm 74.dbd 1.qct $141>
  }
>

> ^&(|=(@ 1))
< 1&xoz
  { @
    {our/@p now/@da eny/@uvJ}
    <19.hqf 23.byz 5.mzd 36.apb 119.zmz 238.ipu 51.mcd 93.glm 74.dbd 1.qct $141>
  }
>

You can read from the sample of a zinc core, but not change it:

> =mycore ^&(|=(a=@ 1))

> a.mycore
0

> mycore(a 22)
-tack.a
-find.a
ford: %slim failed:
ford: %ride failed to compute type:

^~ "ketsig"

Fold constant at compile time.

Syntax

One argument, fixed.

^~  p

^~(p)

AST

[%ktsg p=hoon]

Produces

p, folded as a constant if possible.

Examples

> (make '|-(42)')
[%8 p=[%1 p=[1 42]] q=[%9 p=2 q=[%0 p=1]]]

> (make '^~(|-(42))')
[%1 p=42]

^* "kettar"

Produce example type value.

Syntax

One argument, fixed.

^*  p

^*(p)

*p

p is any structure expression.

AST

[%kttr p=spec]

Produces

A default value (i.e., 'bunt value') of the type p.

Examples

Regular:

> ^*  @
0

> ^*  %baz
%baz

> ^*  ^
[0 0]

> ^*  ?
%.y

Irregular:

> *@
0

> *^
[0 0]

> *tape
""

^= "kettis"

Bind name to a value.

Syntax

Two arguments, fixed.

^=  p
q

^=(p q)

p=q

AST

[%ktts p=skin q=hoon]

Produces

If p is a term, the product q with type [%face p q]. p may also be a tuple of terms, or a term-skin pair; the type of q must divide evenly into cells to match it.

Examples

> a=1
a=1

> ^=  a
  1
a=1

> ^=(a 1)
a=1

> [b c d]=[1 2 3 4]
[b=1 c=2 d=[3 4]]

> [b c d=[x y]]=[1 2 3 4]
[b=1 c=2 d=[x=3 y=4]]

^? "ketwut"

Convert any core to a lead core (bivariant).

Syntax

One argument, fixed.

^?  p

^?(p)

AST

[%ktwt p=hoon]

Produces

p as a lead core; crash if not a core.

Discussion

A lead core is an opaque generator; the payload can't be read or written.

Theorem: if type x nests within type a, a lead core producing x nests within a lead core producing a.

Informally, a more specific generator can be used as a less specific generator.

Examples

The prettyprinter shows the core metal (. gold, ? lead):

> |=(@ 1)
<1.gcq [@  @n <250.yur 41.wda 374.hzt 100.kzl 1.ypj %151>]>

> ^?(|=(@ 1))
<1?gcq [@  @n <250.yur 41.wda 374.hzt 100.kzl 1.ypj %151>]>