In this lesson we'll look at sending and receiving one-off messages called
%pokes. We'll look at the on-poke agent arm which handles incoming pokes.
We'll also introduce the on-agent arm, and look at the one kind of response it can
take - a %poke-ack.
Receiving a poke
Whenever something tries to poke your agent, Gall calls your agent's on-poke
arm and give it the cage from the poke as its sample. The on-poke arm will
produce a (quip card _this). Here's how it would typically begin:
++ on-poke
|= [=mark =vase]
^- (quip card _this)
...
The sample of the gate is usually specified as a cell of mark and vase
rather than just cage, simply because it's easier to work with.
Typically, you'd first test the mark with something like a
wutlus ?+ expression, passing
unexpected marks to default-agent, which just crashes. We'll look at custom
marks in a subsequent lesson, but the basic patten looks like:
?+ mark (on-poke:def mark vase)
%noun ...
%something-else ...
...
==
After testing the mark, you'd usually extract the vase to the expected type,
and then apply whatever logic you need. For example:
=/ action !<(some-type vase)
?- -.action
%foo ...
%bar ...
...
==
Your agent will then produce a list of cards to be sent off and a new,
modified state, as appropriate. We'll go into subscriptions in the next lesson,
but just to give you an idea of a typical pattern: An agent for a chat app might
take new messages as pokes, add them to the list of messages in its state, and
send out the new messages to subscribed chat participants as gifts.
As discussed in the previous lesson, Gall will automatically send a %poke-ack
gift back to wherever the poke came from. The %poke-ack will be a nack if
your agent crashed while processing the poke, and an ack otherwise. If it's a
nack, the tang in the %poke-ack will contain a stack trace of the crash.
As a result, you do not need to explicitly send a %poke-ack. Instead, you
would design your agent to handle only what you expect and crash in all other
cases. You can crash by passing the cage to default-agent, or just with a
!!. In the latter case, if you want to add an error message to the stack
trace, you can do so like:
~| "some error message"
!!
This will produce a trace that looks something like:
/sys/vane/gall/hoon:<[1.372 9].[1.372 37]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[31 3].[43 5]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[32 3].[43 5]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[34 5].[42 7]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[35 5].[42 7]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[38 7].[41 27]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[39 9].[40 11]>
"some error message"
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[40 9].[40 11]>Note that the tang in the nack is just for debugging purposes, you should not
try to pass actual data by encoding it in the nack tang.
Sending a poke
An agent can send pokes to other agents by producing %poke
cards. Any agent arm apart from
on-peek and on-save can produce such cards. The arms would typically
produce the (quip card _this) like so:
:_ this
:~ [%pass /some/wire %agent [~target-ship %target-agent] %poke %some-mark !>('some data')]
==
The colcab (:_) rune makes an
inverted cell, it's just :- but with the head and tail swapped. We use colcab
to produce the (quip card _this) because the list of cards is "heavier"
here than the new agent core expression (this), so it makes it more
readable.
Receiving the %poke-ack
The pokes will be processed by their targets as described in the previous
section, and they'll %give back a %poke-ack on the
wire you specified (/some/wire in the previous example). When Gall gets the
%poke-ack back, it will call the on-agent arm of your agent, with the wire
it came in on and the %poke-ack itself in a sign:agent:gall. Your on-agent
arm would therefore begin like so:
++ on-agent
|= [=wire =sign:agent:gall]
^- (quip card _this)
...
A sign:agent:gall (henceforth just sign) is defined in lull.hoon as:
+$ sign
$% [%poke-ack p=(unit tang)]
[%watch-ack p=(unit tang)]
[%fact =cage]
[%kick ~]
==
It's basically the same as a gift,
but incoming instead of outgoing.
The simplest way to handle a %poke-ack by passing it to default-agent's
on-agent arm, which will just print an error message to the terminal if it's a
nack, and otherwise do nothing. Sometimes you'll want your agent to do something
different depending on whether the poke failed or succeeded (and therefore
whether it's a nack or an ack).
As stated in the Precepts: "Route on wire before sign, never sign before wire.". Thus we first test the
wire so you can tell what the %poke-ack was for. You might do something
like:
?+ wire (on-agent:def wire sign)
[%some %wire ~] ...
...
==
After that, you'll need to see what kind of sign it is:
?+ -.sign (on-agent:def wire sign)
%poke-ack ...
...
Then, you can tell whether it's an ack or a nack by testing whether the (unit tang) in the %poke-ack is null:
?~ p.sign
...(what to do if the poke succeeded)...
...(what to do if the poke failed)...
Finally, you can produce the (quip card _this).
Example
We're going to look at a couple of agents to demonstrate both sending and receiving pokes. Here's the first, an agent that receives pokes:
pokeme.hoon
/+ default-agent, dbug
|%
+$ versioned-state
$% state-0
==
+$ state-0 [%0 val=@ud]
+$ card card:agent:gall
--
%- agent:dbug
=| state-0
=* state -
^- agent:gall
|_ =bowl:gall
+* this .
def ~(. (default-agent this %.n) bowl)
::
++ on-init
^- (quip card _this)
`this
::
++ on-save
^- vase
!>(state)
::
++ on-load
|= old-state=vase
^- (quip card _this)
=/ old !<(versioned-state old-state)
?- -.old
%0 `this(state old)
==
::
++ on-poke
|= [=mark =vase]
^- (quip card _this)
?+ mark (on-poke:def mark vase)
%noun
=/ action !<(?(%inc %dec) vase)
?- action
%inc `this(val +(val))
::
%dec
?: =(0 val)
~| "Can't decrement - already zero!"
!!
`this(val (dec val))
==
==
::
++ on-watch on-watch:def
++ on-leave on-leave:def
++ on-peek on-peek:def
++ on-agent on-agent:def
++ on-arvo on-arvo:def
++ on-fail on-fail:def
--
This is a very simple agent that just has val, a number, in its state. It will
take pokes that either increment or decrement val. Here's its on-poke arm:
++ on-poke
|= [=mark =vase]
^- (quip card _this)
?+ mark (on-poke:def mark vase)
%noun
=/ action !<(?(%inc %dec) vase)
?- action
%inc `this(val +(val))
%dec
?: =(0 val)
~| "Can't decrement - already zero!"
!!
`this(val (dec val))
==
==
It only expects pokes with a %noun mark, and passes all others to
on-poke:def, which just crashes. For %noun pokes, it expects to receive
either %inc or %dec in the vase. If it's %inc, it produces a new this
with val incremented. If it's %dec, it produces this with val
decremented, or crashes if val is already zero.
Let's try it out. Save the agent above as /app/pokeme.hoon in the %base desk
and |commit %base. Then, start it up with |rein %base [& %pokeme]. We can
check its initial state with dbug:
> 0
> :pokeme +dbug [%state %val]
>=Next, we'll try poking it. The dojo lets you poke agents with the following syntax:
:agent-name &some-mark ['some' 'noun']If the mark part is omitted, it'll just default to %noun. Since our agent
only takes a %noun mark, we can skip that. The rest will be packed in a vase
by the dojo and delivered as a poke, so we can do:
> :pokeme %inc
>=If we now look at the state with dbug, we'll see the poke was successful and
it's been incremented:
> 1
> :pokeme +dbug [%state %val]
>=Let's try decrement:
> :pokeme %dec
>=
> 0
> :pokeme +dbug [%state %val]
>=As you can see, it's back at zero. If we try again, we'll see it fails, and the
dojo will print the tang in the %poke-ack nack:
> :pokeme %dec
/sys/vane/gall/hoon:<[1.372 9].[1.372 37]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[31 3].[43 5]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[32 3].[43 5]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[34 5].[42 7]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[35 5].[42 7]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[38 7].[41 27]>
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[39 9].[40 11]>
"Can't decrement - already zero!"
/app/pokeme/hoon:<[40 9].[40 11]>
dojo: app poke failedpokeit.hoon
Here's a second agent. It takes a poke of %inc or %dec like before, but
rather than updating its own state, it sends two pokes to %pokeme, so
%pokeme's state will be incremented or decremented by two.
/+ default-agent, dbug
|%
+$ versioned-state
$% state-0
==
+$ state-0 [%0 ~]
+$ card card:agent:gall
--
%- agent:dbug
=| state-0
=* state -
^- agent:gall
|_ =bowl:gall
+* this .
def ~(. (default-agent this %.n) bowl)
::
++ on-init
^- (quip card _this)
`this
::
++ on-save
^- vase
!>(state)
::
++ on-load
|= old-state=vase
^- (quip card _this)
=/ old !<(versioned-state old-state)
?- -.old
%0 `this(state old)
==
::
++ on-poke
|= [=mark =vase]
^- (quip card _this)
?+ mark (on-poke:def mark vase)
%noun
=/ action !<(?(%inc %dec) vase)
?- action
%inc
:_ this
:~ [%pass /inc %agent [our.bowl %pokeme] %poke %noun !>(%inc)]
[%pass /inc %agent [our.bowl %pokeme] %poke %noun !>(%inc)]
==
::
%dec
:_ this
:~ [%pass /dec %agent [our.bowl %pokeme] %poke %noun !>(%dec)]
[%pass /dec %agent [our.bowl %pokeme] %poke %noun !>(%dec)]
==
==
==
::
++ on-watch on-watch:def
++ on-leave on-leave:def
++ on-peek on-peek:def
::
++ on-agent
|= [=wire =sign:agent:gall]
^- (quip card _this)
?+ wire (on-agent:def wire sign)
[%inc ~]
?. ?=(%poke-ack -.sign)
(on-agent:def wire sign)
?~ p.sign
%- (slog '%pokeit: Increment poke succeeded!' ~)
`this
%- (slog '%pokeit: Increment poke failed!' ~)
`this
::
[%dec ~]
?. ?=(%poke-ack -.sign)
(on-agent:def wire sign)
?~ p.sign
%- (slog '%pokeit: Decrement poke succeeded!' ~)
`this
%- (slog '%pokeit: Decrement poke failed!' ~)
`this
==
::
++ on-arvo on-arvo:def
++ on-fail on-fail:def
--
Here's the on-poke arm:
++ on-poke
|= [=mark =vase]
^- (quip card _this)
?+ mark (on-poke:def mark vase)
%noun
=/ action !<(?(%inc %dec) vase)
?- action
%inc
:_ this
:~ [%pass /inc %agent [our.bowl %pokeme] %poke %noun !>(%inc)]
[%pass /inc %agent [our.bowl %pokeme] %poke %noun !>(%inc)]
==
%dec
:_ this
:~ [%pass /dec %agent [our.bowl %pokeme] %poke %noun !>(%dec)]
[%pass /dec %agent [our.bowl %pokeme] %poke %noun !>(%dec)]
==
==
==
It's similar to %pokeme, except it sends two %poke cards to %pokeme for
each case, rather than modifying its own state. The %inc pokes specify a
wire of /inc, and the %dec pokes specify a wire of /dec, so we can
differentiate the responses. It also has the following on-agent:
++ on-agent
|= [=wire =sign:agent:gall]
^- (quip card _this)
?+ wire (on-agent wire sign)
[%inc ~]
?. ?=(%poke-ack -.sign)
(on-agent wire sign)
?~ p.sign
%- (slog '%pokeit: Increment poke succeeded!' ~)
`this
%- (slog '%pokeit: Increment poke failed!' ~)
`this
::
[%dec ~]
?. ?=(%poke-ack -.sign)
(on-agent wire sign)
?~ p.sign
%- (slog '%pokeit: Decrement poke succeeded!' ~)
`this
%- (slog '%pokeit: Decrement poke failed!' ~)
`this
==
on-agent tests the wire, checks if it's a %poke-ack, and then prints to
the terminal whether it succeeded or failed.
Save this agent to /app/pokeit.hoon on the %base desk, |commit %base, and
start it with |rein %base [& %pokeme] [& %pokeit].
Let's try it out:
%pokeit: Increment poke succeeded!
%pokeit: Increment poke succeeded!
> :pokeit %inc
>=%pokeit has received positive %poke-acks, which means both pokes succeeded.
It could tell they were increments because the %poke-acks came back on the
/inc wire we specified. We can check the state of %pokeme to confirm:
> 2
> :pokeme +dbug [%state %val]
>=Let's try decrementing %pokeme so it's an odd number, and then try a %dec
via %pokeit:
> :pokeme %dec
>=
%pokeit: Decrement poke succeeded!
%pokeit: Decrement poke failed!
> :pokeit %dec
>=The on-agent arm of %pokeit has received one ack and one nack. The first
took val to zero, and the second crashed trying to decrement below zero.
Summary
- Incoming pokes go to the
on-pokearm of an agent. - The
on-pokearm takes acageand produces an(quip card _this). - Gall will automatically return a
%poke-ackto the poke's source, with a stack trace in the(unit tang)if your agent crashed while processing the poke. - Outgoing pokes can be sent by including
%poke%passcards in thequipproduced by most agent arms. %poke-acks in response to pokes you've sent will come in to theon-agentarm in asign, on thewireyou specified in the original%pokecard.- You can poke agents from the dojo with a syntax of
:agent &mark ['some' 'noun'].
Exercises
- Run through the example yourself on a fake ship if you've not done so already.
- Have a look at the
on-agentarm of/lib/default-agent.hoonto see howdefault-agenthandles incomingsigns. - Try modifying the
%pokemeagent with another action of your choice (in addition to%incand%dec). - Try modifying the
%pokeitagent to send your new type of poke to%pokeme, and handle the%poke-ackit gets back.